Introduction to Orthopaedic fracture and dislocation

Fracture and Bone healing

Definition of fracture

-                   Fracture etiology

• Trauma
• Fatigue
• Pathologic fracture

-                   Fracture mechanisms

• Direct injury
• Indirect injury

-                   Complete & incomplete fracture

-                   Fracture patterns

• Fracture displacement

-                   Classification of fractures

-                   Fracture healing

• Healing by callus
• Healing by direct union

Open fracture

-                   Definition

-                   Classification

-                   Treatment

• Initial management
• Infection prevention
• Fracture stabilization
• Wound coverage/closure

Complications of Fracture

-                   Local complication

• Early: Vascular injury, nerve injury, compartment syndrome, infection, gas gangrene, plaster and pressure sore
• Late: Delayed union, nonunion, malunion, avascular necrosis, growth disturbance, myositis ossificans, joint stiffness, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), post-traumatic osteoarthritis

-                   Systemic complication                  

• blood loss, shock, fat embolism, Thromboembolism, cardiorespiratory failure